您所在的位置:首頁 > 精神科醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)展 > JAMA Psychiatry:多種精神疾病可影響男性患者生育力
據(jù)最新發(fā)表在《美國醫(yī)學(xué)會雜志-精神病學(xué)》(前身為普通精神病學(xué)文獻(xiàn))的一項研究顯示,某些精神疾病似乎與男女患者低生育率相關(guān),提示自然選擇試圖阻止精神疾病患者基因變異的長久保持,從另一角度來看,新突變可能是這些疾病持續(xù)存在的原因之一。
英國倫敦國王學(xué)院的Robert A. Power 及其同事還發(fā)現(xiàn),精神疾病對男性生育力的影響大于女性。這一性別特異性影響表明,精神疾病對男性尋找合適伴侶的興趣和能力的影響程度更大。
研究數(shù)據(jù)來自瑞典多代登記庫和瑞典醫(yī)院出院登記庫的人口登記資料。根據(jù)患者身份號碼,研究者確認(rèn)了1950-1970年間出生的230余萬人,這使得他們不僅能夠追溯患者情況,還能夠?qū)颊咝值芙忝玫那闆r進(jìn)行比較。截至分析時,患者年齡均大于40歲。
研究者共計追溯了大約177,000例精神分裂癥、自閉癥、雙相情感障礙、抑郁癥、神經(jīng)性厭食癥或物質(zhì)濫用患者的情況,并與其261,000名兄弟姐妹以及普通人群的生育率進(jìn)行了比較。
精神分裂癥患者約為19,000例,他們的子女?dāng)?shù)量顯著少于普通人群[男、女生育率(FR)分別為0.23和0.47]。單變量分析顯示,患者姐妹的生育率明顯較高(FR,1.02)。但將共病因素納入分析后,上述差異不再存在?;颊咝值艿纳室裁黠@較低(FR,0.97)。作者指出,上述結(jié)果表明,可能存在一種消除精神分裂癥患者遺傳變異的強大選擇壓力。這是有關(guān)新生突變對精神分裂癥遺傳易感性作用的又一證據(jù),這一作用既不使精神分裂癥頻繁出現(xiàn),又不至于使遺傳變異長期存在。
自閉癥患者2,947例,其兄弟姐妹4,471名。無論是男性還是女性患者,生育率均顯著較低(FR分別為 0.25 和 0.48)。患者兄弟的生育率也較低(FR,0.94),姐妹的生育率與普通人群相比未達(dá)到顯著差異。自閉癥患者的生育率在所有疾病患者中最低,但作者對此這并不意外,因為既往研究表明,自閉癥患者幾乎均不結(jié)婚或生育。他們認(rèn)為,罕見的高危害性變異和性別對抗性基因多態(tài)性與孤獨癥遺傳易感性有關(guān)。精神分裂癥也與之類似,人們認(rèn)為自閉癥和精神分裂癥是社會認(rèn)知的兩種極端表現(xiàn)。
雙相情感障礙患者14,439例,兄弟姐妹22,986名。男性和女性患者生育率均低于普通人群(FR分別為0.75和0.85),其兄弟生育率與普通患者相似,但姐妹生育率明顯較高(FR,1.03)。但如果校正共病因素后,患者及其姐妹的生育率與普通人群的差異不再顯著,患者生育率僅略低于普通人群(FR,0.94),姐妹生育率差異也不再顯著(FR,0.95)。作者稱:“用于治療雙相障礙的鋰鹽可改善患者功能,因此,接受鋰鹽治療者的生育率相對較高。”
抑郁癥患者81,295例,兄弟姐妹119,645名。男性患者生育率顯著低于普通人群(FR,0.93),但女性患者生育率與普通人群無顯著差異。兄弟姐妹擁有子女?dāng)?shù)量顯著高于普通人群(兄弟和姐妹FR分別為1.01和1.04)。校正共病因素后,該差異未見變化。校正共病因素對男性患者生育率下降亦無影響,但可增加女性患者生育率(FR,1.03)。
研究者稱,值得注意的是,抑郁癥是這6種疾病中的例外。與抑郁癥有關(guān)的基因似乎是通過平衡選擇方式維持其存在,因為對患者的不利影響與對患者兄弟姐妹的有利影響相當(dāng)。如果果真如此,這將是首個精神疾病平衡選擇的有力證據(jù)。
神經(jīng)性厭食癥患者3,275例,兄弟姐妹5,172名。無論男性還是女性患者,其生育率均顯著下降(分別為0.54 和 0.58)?;颊叩男值芙忝蒙逝c普通人群無顯著差異。共病因素對上述結(jié)果均無影響。結(jié)果表明神經(jīng)性厭食癥相對于精神分裂癥和自閉癥而言,負(fù)性選擇的作用較弱。
物質(zhì)濫用患者55,933例,兄弟姐妹81,592名。男性和女性患者生育率均明顯較低(FR分別為0.78 和 0.93)。兄弟姐妹子女?dāng)?shù)則明顯高于普通人群(兄弟和姐妹的FR分別為1.03和1.05)。結(jié)果表明,兄弟姐妹生育率的提高幾乎可完全補償疾病對患者的影響,只是每代基因頻率略微下降??紤]到從進(jìn)化觀點看,多數(shù)藥物是一種新的環(huán)境暴露,因此對風(fēng)險等位基因可能還沒有足夠選擇時間。也有人認(rèn)為,物質(zhì)濫用與冒險行為相關(guān)聯(lián),包括性冒險。
Fecundity of Patients With Schizophrenia, Autism, Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Anorexia Nervosa, or Substance Abuse vs Their Unaffected Siblings
Context It is unknown how genetic variants conferring liability to psychiatric disorders survive in the population despite strong negative selection. However, this is key to understanding their etiology and designing studies to identify risk variants.
Objectives To examine the reproductive fitness of patients with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders vs their unaffected siblings and to evaluate the level of selection on causal genetic variants.
Design We measured the fecundity of patients with schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder, depression, anorexia nervosa, or substance abuse and their unaffected siblings compared with the general population.
Setting Population databases in Sweden, including the Multi-Generation Register and the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register.
Participants In total, 2.3 million individuals among the 1950 to 1970 birth cohort in Sweden.
Main Outcome Measures Fertility ratio (FR), reflecting the mean number of children compared with that of the general population, accounting for age, sex, family size, and affected status.
Results Except for women with depression, affected patients had significantly fewer children (FR range for those with psychiatric disorder, 0.23-0.93; P < 10??10). This reduction was consistently greater among men than women, suggesting that male fitness was particularly sensitive. Although sisters of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder had increased fecundity (FR range, 1.02-1.03; P < .01), this was too small on its own to counterbalance the reduced fitness of affected patients. Brothers of patients with schizophrenia and autism showed reduced fecundity (FR range, 0.94-0.97; P < .001). Siblings of patients with depression and substance abuse had significantly increased fecundity (FR range, 1.01-1.05; P < 10??10). In the case of depression, this more than compensated for the lower fecundity of affected individuals.
Conclusions Our results suggest that strong selection exists against schizophrenia, autism, and anorexia nervosa and that these variants may be maintained by new mutations or an as-yet unknown mechanism. Bipolar disorder did not seem to be under strong negative selection. Vulnerability to depression, and perhaps substance abuse, may be preserved by balancing selection, suggesting the involvement of common genetic variants in ways that depend on other genes and on environment.
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