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昨天,對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌(mCRC)系統(tǒng)性治療在化療和化療最佳持續(xù)時(shí)間方面的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行回顧,本篇資訊更新靶向治療和靶向治療的最佳持續(xù)時(shí)間內(nèi)容,詳情如下:
有效治療mCRC的靶向藥物包括貝伐珠單抗——抗血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)抗體,西妥昔單抗和帕尼單抗——抗表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(EGFR)抗體[1].最近,一種可阻斷VEGF和胎盤生長(zhǎng)因子活性的重組性融合蛋白阿柏西普(aflibercept)[2],和一種可阻斷參與腫瘤血管生成、原癌基因激活和腫瘤微環(huán)境的多種激酶的多激酶抑制劑瑞格非尼(regorafenib)[3],顯示出在轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌患者中的療效。貝伐珠單抗和阿柏西普可與化療聯(lián)用,而抗EGFR抗體可用作單藥治療。對(duì)于瑞格非尼而言,目前只支持單藥治療。
貝伐珠單抗與包含氟尿嘧啶的化療方案聯(lián)用,被證明使生存獲益,可作為mCRC患者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一線治療方案[4-8].在二線治療中,貝伐珠單抗與FOL**聯(lián)用,可改善無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期和總生存期[9].后來(lái)的研究顯示貝伐珠單抗單藥治療無(wú)額外生存獲益。使用抗EGFR抗體帕尼單抗和西妥昔單抗的治療獲益局限于RAS野生型腫瘤[10],包括聯(lián)合化療作為一線治療[11-13]、二線治療[14],以及在晚期治療中單藥治療[15,16].貝伐珠單抗不應(yīng)與抗EGFR抗體聯(lián)用[17,18].在RAS野生型腫瘤患者中,未發(fā)現(xiàn)使用貝伐珠單抗或抗EGFR抗體聯(lián)合一線化療存在明顯獲益。但一些研究顯示,初始應(yīng)用抗EGFR抗體存在生存獲益,但對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象目前尚無(wú)合理解釋[19-21].研究證實(shí)對(duì)于既往曾接受以?shī)W沙利鉑為基礎(chǔ)化療方案、聯(lián)合或不聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗治療的mCRC患者來(lái)說(shuō),阿柏西普與FOLFIRI聯(lián)用有效[2].對(duì)于使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療疾病仍進(jìn)展的mCRC患者而言,瑞格非尼相比于最佳支持治療可延長(zhǎng)總生存期[3].
靶向治療的最佳持續(xù)時(shí)間
靶向治療的特點(diǎn)是抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)相關(guān)的細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路。RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)于評(píng)價(jià)靶向治療療效并不十分適合[22,23].理論上,停用抑制生長(zhǎng)信號(hào)的藥物會(huì)導(dǎo)致腫瘤再次生長(zhǎng)。從這一點(diǎn)上說(shuō),延長(zhǎng)用藥更可取,但同時(shí)這也增加了發(fā)生毒性反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以及導(dǎo)致醫(yī)療成本升高。NO16966研究是最早支持貝伐珠單抗長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用的研究[6].在這項(xiàng)研究中,一線治療中采用貝伐珠單抗與以?shī)W沙利鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療方案聯(lián)用,與單純化療相比,僅中度延長(zhǎng)研究的無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期(主要研究終點(diǎn))(9.4 vs 8.0個(gè)月;HR 0.83,P=0.0023)[4].但是與最初的注冊(cè)研究相比,NO16966研究中接受貝伐珠單抗直至疾病進(jìn)展或死亡的患者比例要低得多。在對(duì)研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行亞群分析后,這一比例對(duì)研究結(jié)果的影響逐漸顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)。亞群分析中,僅考慮末次治療后28天內(nèi)出現(xiàn)的進(jìn)展或死亡事件。分析結(jié)果顯示化療聯(lián)合貝伐單抗治療,與單純化療方案相比,總生存期無(wú)差異,但中位無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期延長(zhǎng)(HR 0.63)。
此外,很多觀察性研究的結(jié)果也進(jìn)一步支持貝伐珠單抗的長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用[24].在這些研究中,研究者可選擇經(jīng)一線治療出現(xiàn)疾病進(jìn)展后,更換化療方案的同時(shí),是否繼續(xù)使用貝伐珠單抗[25].結(jié)果顯示繼續(xù)使用貝伐珠單抗的患者總生存期延長(zhǎng)。在實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P椭?,進(jìn)展后繼續(xù)使用貝伐珠單抗,與停藥相比,改變了腫瘤生長(zhǎng)和其微環(huán)境。一項(xiàng)前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究證實(shí)這一臨床觀察,在這項(xiàng)研究中,停用一線化療聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗治療后3個(gè)月內(nèi)疾病進(jìn)展的mCRC患者被隨機(jī)分配接受二線化療聯(lián)合或不聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗[26].聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗治療組中位總生存期(主要研究終點(diǎn))明顯改善(HR 0.81,P=0.0062)。
MACRO研究前瞻性地對(duì)貝伐珠單抗單藥維持治療作為一線治療的作用進(jìn)行研究[27].在接受6次卡培他濱、奧沙利鉑和貝伐珠單抗治療后,患者被隨機(jī)分配,一組維持原方案,另一組僅使用貝伐珠單抗單藥治療。比較未發(fā)現(xiàn)劣效性差異。對(duì)于主要研究終點(diǎn)——中位無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期,維持治療組為10.4個(gè)月,而單藥治療組為9.7個(gè)月(HR 1.10,P=0.38)。值得注意的是,患者是在開始一線治療時(shí)進(jìn)行的隨機(jī)分組,因此納入未完成6個(gè)化療周期誘導(dǎo)治療的患者會(huì)影響結(jié)果。此外,貝伐珠單抗單藥治療的療效遭到質(zhì)疑[28].SAKK41/06研究對(duì)化療聯(lián)合貝伐單抗誘導(dǎo)治療后繼續(xù)使用貝伐珠單抗治療的療效在這項(xiàng)III期臨床試驗(yàn)中進(jìn)行了評(píng)估,在4-6個(gè)月標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一線化療后無(wú)疾病進(jìn)展的mCRC患者被隨機(jī)分配,接受貝伐珠單抗單藥治療或觀察[29].結(jié)果未發(fā)現(xiàn)劣效性差異。兩組間主要研究終點(diǎn)腫瘤進(jìn)展時(shí)間(TTP)無(wú)明顯差異。繼續(xù)使用貝伐珠單抗組和觀察組中位腫瘤進(jìn)展時(shí)間分別為4.1個(gè)月和2.9個(gè)月(HR 0.74;95% CI,0.58——0.96),中位生存期在兩組間無(wú)差異(HR 0.83,P=0.2)。
荷蘭結(jié)直腸癌研究組進(jìn)行的CAIRO3研究,為化療聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗治療的最佳治療持續(xù)時(shí)間提供了前瞻性數(shù)據(jù)[30].該研究將經(jīng)過(guò)6次卡培他濱、奧沙利鉑和貝伐珠單抗初始治療后處于穩(wěn)定期或控制更好的患者隨機(jī)分組,或者接受持續(xù)低劑量卡培他濱和貝伐珠單抗治療,或停藥觀察。結(jié)果顯示持續(xù)性治療組第一次腫瘤進(jìn)展間期延長(zhǎng)(HR 0.43,P<0.0001),再次使用卡培他濱、奧沙利鉑和貝伐珠單抗治療后的腫瘤進(jìn)展間期(主要研究終點(diǎn))延長(zhǎng)(HR 0.67,P<0.0001),以及初次進(jìn)展發(fā)生再次治療后腫瘤進(jìn)展間期延長(zhǎng)(HR 0.68,P<0.001)。維持治療的毒性反應(yīng)在可接受范圍之內(nèi),生活質(zhì)量并無(wú)惡化。維持治療組中位總生存期延長(zhǎng)3.5月,但無(wú)明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(HR 0.83,P=0.06)。但是該試驗(yàn)檢驗(yàn)效能低,不足以證實(shí)維持治療對(duì)延長(zhǎng)總生存期的作用。在某些特定的患者亞群中,維持治療有明顯的生存期獲益(例如,誘導(dǎo)治療后最佳療效為完全或部分緩解的患者,轉(zhuǎn)移灶和原發(fā)切除灶同步復(fù)發(fā)的患者)。CAIRO3研究的主要結(jié)論是卡培他濱聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗維持治療是有效的。
另一項(xiàng)研究AIO 207試驗(yàn)比較了經(jīng)過(guò)6個(gè)月氟尿嘧啶、奧沙利鉑和貝伐珠單抗誘導(dǎo)治療后以下幾種情況的療效:(1)氟尿嘧啶聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗維持治療,(2)貝伐珠單抗單藥治療,(3)觀察??紤]到主要研究終點(diǎn):治療失敗時(shí)間,貝伐珠單抗單藥維持治療不劣于貝伐珠單抗聯(lián)合化療[31].單純觀察不劣于藥物治療。CAIRO3和AIO207試驗(yàn)的主要特點(diǎn)見(jiàn)表1.盡管AIO207試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)沒(méi)有CAIRO3那樣簡(jiǎn)單直接,但其結(jié)果支持氟尿嘧啶聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗維持治療。
對(duì)于抗EGFR治療,只有NORDIC試驗(yàn)提供了一些關(guān)于最佳治療持續(xù)時(shí)間的數(shù)據(jù)。該試驗(yàn)探究了一線西妥昔單抗聯(lián)合持續(xù)性或間斷性化療(FLOX方案:氟尿嘧啶,亞葉酸鈣,和奧沙利鉑)與單純FLOX方案相比的療效[32],西妥昔單抗加入FLOX化療并沒(méi)有帶來(lái)顯著獲益。在KRAS野生型及突變體腫瘤患者亞組中這一趨勢(shì)仍存在。但由于亞組患者少,無(wú)法進(jìn)行亞組分析。GERCOR DREAM研究顯示一種EGRF絡(luò)氨酸激酶抑制劑厄洛替尼聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗維持治療的有效性[33].經(jīng)過(guò)初始化療(FLO**,CAPOX或者FOLFIRI)聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗治療后,mCRC患者被隨機(jī)分配接受聯(lián)合或不聯(lián)合厄洛替尼的貝伐珠單抗維持治療。主要研究終點(diǎn)為維持治療的無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期。結(jié)果顯示聯(lián)合厄洛替尼組無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期明顯延長(zhǎng),但延長(zhǎng)僅1.1月。中位生存期也明顯延長(zhǎng)(24.9個(gè)月 vs 22.1個(gè)月,HR 0.79,P=0.035)。NORDIC ACT研究設(shè)計(jì)與此類似,將接受誘導(dǎo)化療(CAPIRI,CAPOX,FOLFIRI,或FOL**)的患者隨機(jī)分配,接受聯(lián)合或不聯(lián)合厄洛替尼的貝伐珠單抗維持治療[34].結(jié)果顯示主要研究終點(diǎn)無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期兩組間無(wú)明顯差異(5.7 vs 4.2個(gè)月,HR 0.88,P=0.51)。鑒于厄洛替尼在mCRC的療效尚未證實(shí),且貝伐珠單抗單藥治療的療效未得到其他研究支持,因此現(xiàn)在難以評(píng)價(jià)DREAM和NORDIC ACT的研究結(jié)果對(duì)于臨床實(shí)踐的意義。
結(jié)論
對(duì)于選擇單純化療方式對(duì)進(jìn)行姑息性治療的mCRC患者來(lái)說(shuō),目前的數(shù)據(jù)并不明確支持間歇性治療的安全性。因此在選擇治療方案時(shí)應(yīng)權(quán)衡利弊。間歇性治療優(yōu)點(diǎn)是減少毒性反應(yīng)、降低持續(xù)性治療對(duì)生活質(zhì)量的影響,但缺點(diǎn)是可能影響治療療效。對(duì)于使用奧沙利鉑的聯(lián)合化療方案,可在維持期改為氟尿嘧啶單藥治療,疾病進(jìn)展后再次加用奧沙利鉑。對(duì)于靶向治療,目前不支持使用貝伐珠單抗單藥維持治療。而對(duì)于抗EGFR抗體,目前缺少關(guān)于最佳治療持續(xù)時(shí)間的數(shù)據(jù)。CAIRO3和AIO 207試驗(yàn)結(jié)果支持化療聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗維持治療。因此,對(duì)于納入貝伐珠單抗的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一線治療方案,目前研究數(shù)據(jù)支持化療聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗進(jìn)行維持治療。但未來(lái)的研究還需要進(jìn)一步闡明維持治療對(duì)哪些特定群體的患者最有效。
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編譯自:Systemic Treatment: Maintenance Compared with Holiday,2015 ASCO Educational Book
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